Flexible handover solution for vehicular ad-hoc networks based on software defined networking and fog computing

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) suffer from dynamic network environment and topological instability that caused by high mobility feature and varying vehicles density. Emerging 5G mobile technologies offer new opportunities to design improved VANET architecture for future intelligent transportation system. However, current software defined networking (SDN) based handover schemes face poor handover performance in VANET environment with notable issues in connection establishment and ongoing communication sessions. These poor connectivity and inflexibility challenges appear at high vehicles speed and high data rate services. Therefore, this paper proposes a flexible handover solution for VANET networks by integrating SDN and fog computing (FC) technologies. The SDN provides global knowledge, programmability and intelligence functions for simplified and efficient network operation and management. FC, on the other hand, alleviates the core network pressure by providing real time computation and transmission functionalities at edge network to maintain the demands of delay sensitive applications. The proposed solution overcomes frequent handover challenges and reduces the processing overhead at core network. Moreover, the simulation evaluation shows significant handover performance improvement of the proposed solution compared to current SDN based schemes, especially in terms of handover latency and packet loss ratio under various simulation environments

Fully distributed mobility management scheme for future heterogeneous wireless networks

Mobile network operators urgently need to scalable and reliable mobility management solutions to cope with the explosive increase of the mobile users and internet traffic. Although the network-based PMIPv6 protocol is considered the favorable solution to solve the problems of host-based MIP protocol, these protocols are based on centralized mobility management CMM scheme. Current mobility solutions posing several challenges due to heavily centralized architecture. Furthermore, the future 5G networks are based on flat infrastructures to reduce the load in the network core. The distributed mobility management DMM scheme is introduced recently to overcome the problems of CMM. Additionally, to maintain the heterogeneity of future wireless networks, IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) framework identifies the structure and services to provide seamless handover in heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we develop an efficient network-based fully DMM scheme based on the cross layer design of layer 2 MIH and layer 3 PMIPv6 protocols. The proposed approach removes any central anchor node in the network infrastructure and also eliminates any layer 2 and layer 3 signaling between the mobile node and the access networks. The numerical evaluation shows that the efficient approach gives enhance handover performance in terms of signaling cost, handover latency, and packet loss

Cross layer design of network- based fully distributed mobility management for heterogeneous wireless networks

Current mobility protocols; such as MIPv6 and PMIPv6, are deployed in a hierarchical and centralized manner in which a single anchor at the core network handles all mobility signaling and data traffic forwarding. As the core of the mobile network is heavily loaded by inducing excessive traffic, Centralized Mobility Management (CMM) suffers from several issues in scalability, reliability, signaling overhead and non-optimal routing. Therefore, the IETF introduced a Distribution Mobility Management (DMM) working group to overcome these issues. The DMM paradigm involves a flattened IP network architecture in which the mobility anchor is moved closer to the users and the control and data planes are distributed at the network edge. The DMM is divided into two categories, partially and fully DMMs. The aim of this thesis is to design and develop network-based fully DMM solutions for flat IP architecture by removing any centralized mobility anchor from network infrastructure. Several solutions for heterogeneous wireless networks have been proposed based on the cross layer design of layer2 (data link) and layer3 (network). The IEEE Media Independent Handover (MIH) framework and Logical Interface (LIF) concept are used to abstract the heterogeneity of wireless networks. First scheme is developed using modified MIH framework to carry the addresses of active anchored flows, meanwhile; a modified and extended version of PMIPv6 has been used in the second scheme to carry the addresses of anchored flows. Third scheme is developed based on further modifications in MIH and PMIPv6 protocols by excluding client participation in any L2 or L3 wireless mobility signaling. The LIF concept has been used in the proposing of fourth scheme. Last proposed scheme develops more flattened architecture by distributing both mobility management and authentication process during vertical handover procedure. The analytical modeling and simulation implementation have been used to evaluate the proposed fully DMM solutions. Analytically, the DMM reports 80% lower data cost compared to CMM, while simulation shows 37% reduction in the end to end delay compared to CMM in heterogeneous networks. Moreover, MIH based fully DMM solutions are more complex and show higher signaling cost, handover latency and packet loss compared to LIF based solutions. However, the MIH based solutions can provide Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning of future networks. In particular, MIH based scheme gives an average of 53% lower signaling cost than PDMM, while LIF based scheme reports 102% reduction in signaling cost compared to MIH based scheme with client participation. In addition, MIH based scheme without client participation produces 50% lower handover latency compared to MIH based with client participation. Moreover, distributed mobility and distributed authentication scheme reports 52% and 24% packet loss reduction compared to MIH based without client participation and LIF based schemes, respectively

An Integrated Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm with Artificial Neural Network for Trusted Nodes Classification Problem

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a tool that improves real-time patient health observation in hospitals, asylums, especially at home. WBAN has grown popularity in recent years due to its critical role and vast range of medical applications. Due to the sensitive nature of the patient information being transmitted through the WBAN network, security is of paramount importance. To guarantee the safe movement of data between sensor nodes and various WBAN networks, a high level of security is required in a WBAN network. This research introduces a novel technique named Integrated Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm with Artificial Neural Network (IGO-ANN) for distinguishing between trusted nodes in WBAN networks by means of a classification approach, hence strengthening the safety of such networks. Feature extraction process is done by using Linear Regression-Based Principal Component Analysis (LR-PCA). The test results demonstrated that the proposed IGO-ANN method attains the greatest performance in terms of accuracy, end to end delay and packet delivery ratio regarding trusted WBAN nodes classification than certain existing methods